Review of Charlottes Web - 1259 Words

Review of Charlottes Web ‘Charlottes Web by E. B. White was first published by Hamish Hamilton in 1952. It is a classic childrens novel which won the 1970 Laura Ingalls Wilder Award (Amazon). It is beautifully written with a great mix of seriousness, excitement and comedy. Even though this book is now over fifty years old it is still a wonderful book for children as its main themes of friendship and hope will always be current. The story is about Wilbur, a runty farm yard pig, who is saved from death by Mr Arables eight year old daughter, Fern. Fern cares for and loves Wilbur as if he is a pet but eventually has to ironically send him to suffer another fate of death on Mr. Zukermans farm. Fern remains a main character who†¦show more content†¦There are only a small number of illustrations but these add character to the story. It is very well written books with one of the best first lines in any book I have ever read: Wheres Papa going with that axe? (page 1) It gives very realistic images of what is going to occur and grabs the readers interest immediately. This is the first threat of death for Wilbur but, interest is maintained as the threat continues and Wilburs naivety and innocent make him a character that you want to see saved. As well as the main characters the other characters also help to maintain interest. Comedy comes from the geese and the rat, Templeton. Templeton is a greedy hoarder who the other animals distrust and, who wouldnt do anything for anyone without something in return. However, without his help Charlotte wouldnt have been able to save Wilbur. This teaches you that although you might always want to do something, when it helps others you should do, yet another simple message in the story. The geese are noisy and talk in a repetitive way, for example: ‘….toasty-oasty-oasty warmÂ… (page 35) and, ‘Im no flibberty-ibberty-gibbetÂ… (page 35). White includes two children Fern who is eight years old and can hear what the animals are saying and, her brother Avery who is ten years, and is very ladish helping to make the storyShow MoreRelatedReview Of Charlotte s Web 1751 Words   |  8 PagesCharlotte s Web was written by E.B. White. This book is about a spider named Charlotte and a pig named Wilbur that is going to be killed but is saved by Charlotte when she makes a web that says â€Å"Humble, Radiant, and Terrific.† People from all over town would come to see Wilbur and the web. Wilbur becomes famous and he gets to go to the fair, and while they are there, Charlotte lays her eggs and dies. Wilbur takes the eggs home, and when they hatch the newborns start to leave, but three of the babyRead MoreChildren s Literature : Research Paper1570 Words   |  7 Pagesbooks to mention that his animals made it into his books are Stuart in Stuart Little, Charlotte in Charlotte’s Web. 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The Relations between Science and Religion Essay - 1630 Words

The relations between science and religion. Humans are servant of God who descended to earth as its inhabitants. Humans are creatures of God are given the advantage of reasonable than other creatures. With that human minds can do more than any other creature. At the beginning of its creation, only human beings who do not know anything and therefore people need a hint for his life. Humans need a guideline in order to survive life in the world and in the hereafter. Guideline for humans is religion. Religion is a hint of life, encompasses all aspects of human beings, including science. So many recent scientific discoveries in modern times was already confirmed. With scientific evidence in accordance with the scriptures, it can be†¦show more content†¦So ilmuadalah knowledge that meet specific characteristics and terms are standardized into a science , the two terms are combined into one word. Can be formulated also that science is as common knowledge ilmiahdan merged into science directly. The application of science in the world modeern has produced many technologies that make peoples lives healthier, more comfortable, and more secure. While the science is also one way to seek the truth, which is the objective truth. Even so, science tends to be autonomous so therefore he is often seen as the only path to truth. As a result we often face a clash between science and religion in the field of theology. The problem is, science is actually just talking about the objective reality of nature and humans. When in fact the religion talk about a whole person, body and soul are, and the broadest nature, ie the real nature and the supernatural, as well as kenyataam entirely, namely nature and god of creation. So in fact there is the intersection between the two, yait on nature and human problems. There is no contradiction between the two. But in the course of history several centuries after reinaisans, scientific revolution, followed by the industrial revolution, our scientific knowledge about ourselves and our natural environment has changed dramatically. Unfortunately the new picture for a lot of people tend to negate the description given by the theology of worldShow MoreRelatedRelation Between Science and Religion Essay4079 Words   |  17 Pageson What is the Relation between Science and Religion William Lane Craig Examines several ways in which science and theology relate to each other. Back in 1896 the president of Cornell University Andrew Dickson White published a book entitled A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. Under White’s influence, the metaphor of â€Å"warfare† to describe the relations between science and the Christian faith became very widespread during the first half of the 20th century. The culturallyRead MoreEmile Durkheim s The Elementary Forms Of The Religious Life1608 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines religion through a social viewpoint, while Claude Là ©vi-Strauss’s The Savage Mind compares modern and â€Å"primitive† thought. Although their topics of interest differ, both works similarly rely on science to explain their anthropologic theories. Science serves as a useful reference point, since it embodies modern mode of thinking with high objectivity. Therefore, these writers can expand on their analysis of other ways to perceive the world by comparing and contrasting with science. The relati onsRead MoreMonotheistic religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam promote the belief in One God;1600 Words   |  7 PagesMonotheistic religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam promote the belief in One God; all that exists is because of God. Through prophets and scripture, God portrays moral goodness and truth. Essentially, these three religions believe that God speaks to us, unveils God’s Being, and seeks to guide us through life. In turn, humans should embody the moral goodness and excellence that is revealed to us by God. These religions are taught based upon both scripture and reason. When readingRead MoreThe Secularization of the Western World Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesmeanings over the past eighteen centuries. In today society, the world secular is used to describe a world thought to be in motion, the moving away from religious influence in everyday life. Thus, my definition of the term secularism is not denouncing religion to an anti-religious belief but rather viewing secularism as a point of view that reflects the change in society to seek answers and meet the needs of people without taking on religious perspective. â€Å"The shift towards secularism does not mean thatRead MoreI Appreciate Barbour s Praiseworthy And Toilsome Effort914 Words   |  4 PagesIII. Critique First of all, I appreciate Barbour’s praiseworthy and toilsome effort to put theology and science in a meaningful and fruitful dialogue, by seriously taking account of both continuities and discontinuities between scientific metaphors and religious metaphors. For Barbour, because both disciplines have continuities and discontinuities they can contribute to our more comprehensive understanding of the reality of our experiences in the world through their metaphorical relationshipRead MoreBecause Religion Is A Difficult Concept To Define, It Faces1709 Words   |  7 PagesBecause religion is a difficult concept to define, it faces several criticisms. To this day, it has never been possible to find a definition of religion that pleases the majority of the population. However, researchers in this area have never felt the need to have a definition to carry out their research. Religion is a somewhat different concept of economy, politics or history and the difficulty of defining it comes from the fact that these are not index terms but rather general concepts thatRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages What is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreThe Star by Arthur C. Clarke and the Juxtaposition of Science and Religion704 Words   |  3 Pages When dwelling into the explorations about science and religion, one can find it quite amusing. If science and religion are to continue to coexist it seems opposed to the conditions of modern thought to admit that this result can be brought about by the so-called water-tight compartment system which, even at the present time, is frequently extolled or considered possible.(Boutroux, 406) Two powerful forces that coexist yet each of them deny one another, but yet they define one another. TheRead MoreHow Do We Know and What We Know? Essay734 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent situations. Vocabulary and speech pattern between friends or relatives may be informal and familiar whereas communication with someone of different generation, class or age group is likely to be specific to the particular relationship, place or moment. Knowledge is shaped by social institution and by the power groups and individuals to influence the generation and acceptance of knowledge such as legal system, and education system. Religion is a special case of authority over knowledgeRead MoreCan Religion and Science be Compatible?1326 Words   |  5 PagesCan Religion and Science be Compatible? Accepting the compatibility between science and religion is a tactic used by those who instinctively fear that a manifest conflict between the two areas would endanger the future of science. They are worried about the possibility that scientists would not receive any financial support or that science classes in schools might be replaced with hours of religion. A huge number of atheist scientists are aware of the negative role, that they have irrational ideas

Bioscience Bacteria and Viruses

Question: Discuss about theBioscience for Bacteria and Viruses. Answer: Introduction: Fever is a condition in which body temperature rises above the normal range of temperature. Normal body temperature is in the range of 37.5 and 38.3C. In fever temperature rises upto 41C. Peter is infected with influenza virus. This virus causes inflammation in the infected cells. Due to inflammation there is rise in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which acts on the hypothalamus which is a temperature controlling centre of the body and hypothalamus produces response to the body and increase in the body temperature. Influenza infected cells also secrets proilflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interferon. These proinflammatory cytokines also act on hypothalamus and produces fever in the Peter. Fever stimulates immune system - Due to fever there is the stimulation of immune system. In this activated immune system, there are increased and activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes act as defense mechanism and eradicate infected viruses. Fever stimulates mucus formation - In the state of fever, there is the increased formation of mucus. This mucus acts as check point for the entry of microorganisms in the body. With this increased mucus formation, fever helps to prevent entry of microorganisms in the body (Cunha, 2007). Peter developed sore throat and to prevent allergies generally antibiotics used to be prescribed. Sore throat can be due to bacterial infection also. Hence to cure sore throat, Peter was prescribed with antibiotic phenoxymethylpenicillin. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is a beta-lactum antibiotic. These antibiotics kill bacteria by inhibiting cell growth. Bacterial cell is protected by peptidoglycan, a component of cell wall which provides rigidity and support to the cell wall. This peptidoglycan provide support by cross linking with other peptidoglycan and forming a net like structure. This cross linking is facilitated by enzyme called DD-transpeptidase (penicillin binding protein-PBP). This cross linking repeated several times in the bacterial life cycle. Phenoxymethylpenicillin inhibit bacterial growth by binding to the DD-transpeptidase enzyme, thus crosslinking is inhibited and ultimately bacteria killed (Bullock Manias, 2014). Antibiotics generally kill bacteria or retard their growth by interrupting their metabolic process. These processes include cell wall formation in case of penicillin class of antibiotics and protein synthesis in case of streptomycin. As in case of viruses there is no metabolic process, antibiotics doesnt act on viruses. Moreover, viruses are only protein wrapped DNA molecules and there is no cell wall in the viruses. Also, viruses can survive devoid of metabolic pathway and solely depend on the metabolic pathway of the infected host. Antibiotics cannot act on these hosts metabolic pathways. Hence, antibiotics cannot be used in the viral infection (Lehne et al., 2013). Peter might have contracted influenza virus either inhaling the contaminated air of influenza virus or by direct hand-to-hand contact with the influenza virus. Aerosols produced by the infected person in the size range of 0.5 to 5 m in diameter can be sufficient to produce infection and one droplet is also enough to produce infection. In hand to hand model virus can be transmitted through banknote, switches, computer keyboard and any other most frequently used articles. Prevention of mode of transmission of influenza virus can be achieved by improving personal hygiene. Personal hygiene comprises of avoiding touch to openings such as mouth, nose and eyes, frequent washing of hands with soap and alcohol, covering at the time of coughing and sneezing, staying away from infected people, avoiding splitting and avoiding smoking. Sanitizing room and environment are the other ways through which influenza can be prevented. Surface sanitization can be done using alcohol and also quaternary ammonium compounds can be used along with alcohol, which produces long duration sanitizing effect (Boland et al., 2011; Lee Bishop, 2016). Redness : Sore throat is the most common symptom of influenza infection. Influenza viruses after entry into the body bind to the sialic acid through hemagglutinin on the epithelial cells of throat. This hemagglutinin is cleaved by protease and cell brings in this virus through a process called as endocytosis. Later inflammation is produced in the tissues and produces proinflammatory markers such as TNF- and interferon. This produces vasodilatation of small blood vessels and increased blood flow to the throat. This results in the redness of throat. Swollen: Infection of influenza virus causes inflammation of the throat. Due to inflammation in the tissues of throat, there is the increased permeability of blood vessels in the throat. This increased permeability of the blood vessels leads to the exudation of plasma proteins and fluid into the tissue and results in the swelling. Hence there is swollen throat observed in the case Peter. Having a Patchy Covering of Yellow-White Exudates Over his Tonsils: Sore throat is the common symptom of the tonsillitis, which is inflammation of the tonsils mainly caused by infection of viruses. Tonsils are the situated on either side of the back of the throat. Tonsils are the group of lymphatic tissues which helps body fighting against infections and are the first line of defense of immune system. Tonsils possess M cells on their surface which perform function of antigen capture and bring pathogens produced by antigens on its surface. Due to the accumulation and calcification of infected bacteria, dead cells and dirty particles on tonsil pockets or grooves, there is the formation of tonsil stones. These tonsil stones are patchy covering of yellow-white exudates. In case Peter, there is the influenza infection and this leads to the tonsillitis and consequently patchy covering of yellow-white exudates over his tonsils (Craft et al., 2015; Marieb Hoehn, 2016; Porth Matfin, 2014; WHO, 2015). Bacteria possesses all the requirements in the form of cell organelles necessary for their growth and multiplication. These requirements include genetic blueprint in the form of DNA and other tools like ribosomes, proteins, etc. Asexual reproduction is the most common method for bacterial replication, however few bacteria reproduce sexually and plasmids genetic material carried among the bacteria. Binary fission is asexual method of reproduction in bacteria which occurred by division of single cell into two cells. There are four phases in the life cycle of bacteria like lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and death phase. Viruses carry information like RNA or DNA in the form of protein packets and membrane coating. Viruses mainly depend on the host cell for their replication as viruses dont have their own machinery for replication and lack of active metabolic system. These viruses attach themselves to the host cells with help of their legs and inject genetic material which is present in their head into the host cells. This injected genetic material in the host cell utilizes host cells machinery to produce viruses proteins or on the other hand this genetic material get integrated in the host cells DNA or RNA and get translated in the future. At a particular time cells exceeds capacity to hold viruses and they burst out. There are six phases in the life cycle of viruses like attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly and release (Rogers, 2011). References: Boland, M. (Director), Santall, J. (Presenter), Video Education Austrlasia. (2011). Infection control in healthcare [Videorecording]. Bendigo, Australia: VEA. Bullock, S., Manias, E. (2014). Fundamentals of pharmacology (7th ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia. Cunha, B.A. (2007). Fever of Unknown Origin. Informa Healthcare, Taylor Francis. Craft, J., Gordon, C., Heuther, S., McCance, K., Brashers,V., Rote, N. (2015). Understanding pathphysiology 2. Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier. Lee, D., Bishop, P. (2016). Microbiology and infection control for health professional (6th ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Pearson Australia. Lehne, R.A., Moore, L., Crosby, L., Hamilton, D. (2013). Pharmacology for nursing care (8th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. Marieb, E.N., Hoehn, K. (2016). Human anatomy physiology (10th global ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. Porth,C.M., Matfin, G. (2014). Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health status (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Rogers, K. (2011). Bacteria and Viruses (1st ed.). Britannica Educational Publishing. WHO (2015). Influenza. An unpredictable threat. Retrived from https://www.who.int/topics/influenza/en/ on 4th September 2016.

Lab Report Boiling Point and Melting Point Essay Example

Lab Report Boiling Point and Melting Point Paper Should be based on observations made during the experiment. Evaluation of laboratory exercise type: On a separate page, each student should write a brief comment regarding 1) which lab method you prefer (inquiry-method, i. E. Problem-solving oriented, or traditional lab. Like this one. 2) group size (individual labs or small-group labs) 3) report writing individual or small group 4) Any negative aspects about chem.. Lab how we can improve them 5) any other comments We expect an evaluation from everyone. If you prefer not to put your name on this evaluation, thats k. Lab Instructions: Objectives: 1. To determine the boiling point of a liquid, and 2. To determine the melting point of a solid. Materials Used: Matches Spoilsport (Rubbing) Alcohol 1-2 small rubber bands Thermometer Powdered stand beaker 2 closed-end capillary tubes (melting point tubes) 10-12 mm diameter test tube Heat source Discussion and Review: In this experiment we will examine additional physical properties of liquids and solids. Two of the more important physical properties of pure substances are the boiling point and the melting point. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which that liquid is converted to a gaseous state. Boiling point is formally defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the pressure at the surface of the liquid. The boiling point of. A liquid can change if the pressure at the liquids surface changes. Since pure substances have a distinct boiling point, boiling points are sometimes used to determine the purity of substances. The melting point is the temperature at which a solid is converted to liquid. This is an important property of solids. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Boiling Point and Melting Point specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Boiling Point and Melting Point specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Boiling Point and Melting Point specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The melting point of solids, like the boiling point of liquids, is often used for the identification of substances. Boiling points and melting points are recorded in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and can be found in the sections titled Physical Constants of Organic Compounds and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. PROCEDURES: I. Boiling Point 1 . Make a test tube assembly by using the following directions and illustration. A. Place about 1 ml of Spoilsport alcohol in a 10-12 mm diameter test tube. B. Using a small rubber band, attach a thermometer to the outside of the test tube. The thermometer bulb should be even with the test tubes bottom. C. Insert an inverted closed end capillary tube into the test tube. . Make a water bath assembly by using the following directions and illustration. A. Half fill a 100 ml or larger beaker with warm tap water. [Note: a water bath is used if the boiling point of the material is expected to be less than the boiling point of water; otherwise, an oil bath is needed. ] b. Place the above test tube assembly in the water bath so that the surface level of the alcohol in the test tube is beneath the surface level of the water bath. . Place the beaker on the wire stand and, stirring frequently to insure even heating, carefully heat the water bath with your heat source until the water bath oils and a rapid stream of bubbles continuously emerges from the capillary tube. [Note: if an oil bath is used, the oil does not boil; the stream of bubbles from the capillary tube is the sole indicator that the liquid in the pipette or test tube is boiling. ] d. Remove the heat source and begin observing the stream of bubbles. E. When the last bubble emerges from the capillary tube, record the temperature. 3. Reheat the water bath and repeat the cooling process two more times. Record the temperature reading after each trial, and average all three trials. 4. The published boiling point of spoilsport alcohol is 82. Co. 5. Calculate the error between the observed boiling point and the published value of the boiling point. II. Melting Point 1 . A. Push the open end of a capillary tube into the powdered academic. B. Move the powder to the closed end of the capillary tube by tapping it on the table. Repeat until the the powdered academic occupies 1-2 mm of the capillary tube end. C. With rubber bands, attach the capillary tube to a thermometer and align the bulb of the thermometer with the closed end of the capillary tube. D. Make a water bath as before by half filling a 100 ml beaker with warm tap water. E. Place the thermometer/capillary tube assembly in the water bath so that the surface level of the powdered academic is beneath the surface level of the water bath. F. Place the beaker on the burner stand and, stirring frequently to insure even heating, carefully heat the water bath with your heat source. G. Note the temperature at which the academic melts. Remove heat source. . Let the academic cool and recitalist. Repeat the procedure two more times and average the results. i. The published melting of academic is ICC. Compare your experimental result with the accepted (published) value. . Calculate the percent error. Clean-up: Dispose of the used capillary tubes by putting them in your trash can. If any spoilsport alcohol is left in your test tube, you may p our it down the drain with All contents copyrighted (c) 1 998 Peter Scoffing, Ph. D. , Professor of Science, Colorado Mountain College All Rights reserved Experiment 10 As described in the lab manual: 1. Record the barometric pressure. 2. Measure about 10 Goff ice using the chemical balance and place it into a 100 ml beaker. Heat over a flame until half of the ice has melted. Remove from heat and measure the temperature s accurately as possible using your laboratory thermometer. Repeat with a 10. 0 g sample of your unknown. Be sure to record your unknown number. 3. Measure 50 ml of water using your graduated cylinder and pour it into a 200 ml beaker. Bring the liquid to a boil over a flame. After the liquid has been boiling for approximately 1-2 minutes, measure the temperature of the boiling liquid. Repeat with a 10 g sample of your unknown. Record all data in your lab notebook and clean up. We followed all the steps above pretty much closely and pretty much got the results for water that we expected, except that the ductwork had cheap thermometers because one of them broke (this was my lab partners fault she used it as a stirring rod which is exactly what you said not to do in your lecture) and the new one was off by a few degrees but it was close enough for this simple experiment. The pressure in the room was 761. 2 and the temperatures we measured for our unknown were: -15 and 17. Correcting for our water results this made our measurements -15. 2 and 17. 4 after the corrections. Based on these temperatures and the data we looked up in the library, our unknown was certainly blabber gas. The error in our results as really small and the experiment worked really good. Other errors include: possible math errors in our calculations and human error. Overall the lab was really good and we learned quite a lot of stuff. Especially liked the part where the blabber gas exploded when heated scaring my partner (I think that may be why she broke the thermometer). The only criticism of the lab is that the equipotent wasnt really great and that we ran out of time but otherwise it was a really good experience and I think it taught us a lot of chemistry. Notes: For references we used our textbook, lab manual, and the Chemical Handbook mound on shelf 2 of the library (behind the reference desk). What to do? A. Student Chemistry 1 Identification of a Compound using Melting and Boiling Points Introduction One of the primary methods used to characterize a new compound is the physical determination of its normal melting and boiling points. The normal melting and boiling point is the temperature at which a substance melts or boils when the barometric pressure is 760 mug or 1 ATM. In this experiment we will first calibrate our thermometers using ice and water, whose normal melting and boiling points are well characterized as 0. DC and 100. 0 ICC, respectively[l]. Following this, we will measure the normal melting and boiling points of an unknown compound. We will use this data to determine the identity of our unknown from a list of possible unknown samples and physical data from the Chemical Handbook[2]. Experimental Procedure As described in the lab manual,[3] ice was placed in a beaker and warmed until approximately 50% had melted. The temperature of the ice/water mixture was then measured with a thermometer. This was followed by a similar measurement of our solid unknown. In part II, water was heated until boiling and the enrapture of the liquid/gas mixture measured with a thermometer. This was followed by a similar measurement using our unknown compound. Toggle the best results possible, the procedure in the manual was modified by repeating each trial three times.

Essay on Federalism Advantages and DisadvantagesEssay Writing Service

Essay on Federalism Advantages and DisadvantagesEssay Writing Service Essay on Federalism: Advantages and Disadvantages Essay on Federalism: Advantages and DisadvantagesFederalism, as a form of government, has its advantages and disadvantages. Supporters of federalism state that this form of government can be viewed as the most suitable form to address the interests and needs of diverse groups of people. State’s laws guarantee the application of the best strategies to meet the needs of citizens, e.g. gun control laws, alcohol-related laws, abortion-related laws, etc. Ventral government fails to address these needs in a proper way. Besides, federalism is aimed at strengthening liberty through the division of powers between different levels of government. In fact, the division of power guarantees legal protection against the â€Å"concentration of power in a single, unitary government† (Dautrich Yalof, 2011, p. 78). The division of power helps to preserve liberty. Moreover, federalism helps to encourage social and economic experimentation and provides effective response to changes in diff erent sectors. Democracy encouraged by federalism allows states to develop and implement policies to improve the life of the nation. Adaptability of states to changing environment helps to manage bureaucracy and other issues.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opponents of federalism provide many arguments that describe the disadvantage of federalism. Federalism can be characterized as an unfair system that involves the existence  Ã‚   of economic disparities between the states, and â€Å"questions about government accountability for many public programs that are inherent with competing sovereigns† (Dautrich Yalof, 2011, p. 79). The difference between the states in concluded in different levels of citizens, their financial opportunities, taxes and incomes. The lack of accountability is concluded in challenges caused by the functioning of multiple levels of government, which make it difficult to deal with these challenges effectively. Besides, federalism is dep endent on the courts’ decisions to define the rules of this form of government.   As a result, the judicial decision making forms the basis of the federalist system functioning.

Identify an Unknown - Experiment With Chemical Reactions

Identify an Unknown - Experiment With Chemical Reactions One exciting aspect of chemistry is that it explores how substances combine to form new ones. While a chemical reaction involves change, the atoms that are the basic building blocks of matter arent changed. They simply recombine in new ways. Students can explore how chemical reactions can be used to help identify the products of chemical reactions. Rather than randomly mix chemicals together, using the scientific method can help better understand what is occurring. Overview Students will learn about the scientific method and will explore chemical reactions. Initially, this activity allows students to use the scientific method to examine and identify a set of (nontoxic) unknown substances. Once the characteristics of these substances are known, the students can use the information to drawinference to identify unknown mixtures of these materials. Time Required: 3 hours or three one-hour sessions Grade Level: 5-7 Objectives To practice using the scientific method. To learn how to record observations and apply the information to perform more complex tasks. Materials Each group will need: plastic cupsmagnifying glass4 unknown powders in 4 plastic baggies:sugarsaltbaking sodacorn starch For the entire class: watervinegarheat sourceiodine solution Activities Remind students that they should never taste an unknown substance. Review the steps of the scientific method. Although the unknown powders are similar in appearance, each substance has characteristic properties that make it distinguishable from the other powders. Explain how the students can use their senses to examine the powders and record properties. Have them use sight (magnifying glass), touch, and smell to examine each powder. Observations should be written down. Students may be asked to predict the identity of the powders. Introduce heat, water, vinegar, and iodine. Explain the concepts chemical reactions and chemical change. A chemical reaction takes place when new products are made from the reactants. Signs of a reaction could include bubbling, temperature change, color change, smoke, or change in odor. You may wish to demonstrate how to mix chemicals, apply heat, or add indicator. If desired, use containers with labeled volume measurements to introduce students to the importance of recording quantities used in a scientific investigation. Students can put a specified amount of powder from the baggie into a cup (e.g., 2 scoops), then add vinegar or water or indicator. Cups and hands are to be washed between experiments. Make a chart with the following: What was the appearance of each powder?What happened when water was added to each powder?What happened when vinegar was added to each powder?Did all powders produce the same response?What happened when iodine solution was added to each powder?Why do you think this happened?If you predicted the identity of the powders, were your predictions correct? If not, how were they different?What are true identities of the mystery powders A-D?How did you determine the correct answer?Now, give the students a mystery powder made up using at least two of the four pure subtances. They are to test this mixture using the procedures they used on the pure substances. In addition, they may wish to design new experiments.AssessmentStudents may be evaluated on their ability to correctly identify the final unknown mixture. Points may be awarded for teamwork, staying on task, submission of data or a lab report, and ability to follow directions and follow safety rules.

Legal Forms of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Forms of Business - Essay Example In addition, where a single person can raise entire capital required to start a business in which he/she is the central service provider and wants full control. A partnership would be appropriate if the business’ ownership lies with a family or if capital contribution is done by more than one person (Ennico, 2010). Partnerships are typical in instances where the entity’s business line is not risky enough to warrant a more complex model. Limited liability partnerships are recommendable for small businesses that start off with one person or company as the owner but the need to expand by soliciting investments from other persons or companies. These new entrants are referred to as limited partners as their liabilities are limited to the business entity since they have no control of business operations. In such a scenario, the business’ daily operations are run by a general partner who is, therefore, liable for business debt unless the general partner is a company. Limited liability companies, on the other hand, are suitable for persons wishing to set up a business entity where owners’ liability for business debts and court judgements made against the company. This business form is appropriate for persons or companies that require a separate legal and tax entity from the owners , hence owners file their personal taxes from salaries and bonuses earned by the company (Mitchell, 2009). This is the most suitable form in instances where owners have massive assets that they wish to protect from business creditors, or the business conducted by the company is risky to warrant constant law suits from customers. S corporations would be suitable in instances where shareholders or owners would like to receive salaries that are considered â€Å"reasonable† by law. S corporations can also be set up when owners wish to make additional funds because funds retained by the entity after paying its

Revenues in sports industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Revenues in sports industry - Term Paper Example Consulting company A.T. Kearney states that the sports industry in global scale is prospering, and today the industry is worth about 500-600 USD bn. (which includes sports events like simple games, national competitions, Olympiads etc., infrastructure and constructions, sports products and goods) (Collignon, Sultan, and Santander). Dynamics of sports industry revenues in global scale shows the overall growth of revenues for the past 9 years (table 1): expected revenue in 2014 is 36% more than it was in 2006 ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015"). The constituents of Revenues are Gate revenues, Media rights, Sponsorships, and Merchandising ("Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015") (table 2). According to the structure of revenues, the biggest portion of the total revenues belonged to Gate revenues (34% in 2006). The situation changed in 2014, when Sponsorship took the leading position (31%, which is 1% more than Gate revenues that year). The change of the structure shows that the representatives of other industries use sports industry to win new markets, gain new customers, increase their own rating among competitors and increase profits.Jonathan Jensen and Anne Hsu prove this with their research, which says that "net income at these firms (sponsors) grew faster than at S&P 500 firms in general (7.8% to 6.5% per year)" and "the top 16 (companies), which spent on average $160m a year on sponsorship, saw net income grow by 22.1% annually".

CU1513 & Food Essay Example for Free

CU1513 Food Essay Children need to be in a positive environment because if the child spends their day in an effective designed environment, the child will be physically, socially, emotionally, and aesthetically nurtured. The environment can maximise their intellectual potential and provide a foundation for the development of their emotional security. A positive environment for children and young people must be a safe place to work in, so a number of legal health and safety requirements should be in place. Whatever the setting, policies and procedures guide the workplace. 2) In my work setting, we work within the care standards regulations by making sure the setting is a safe place to be in, and being hygienic, we have a sterilising unit which is used everyday, and also sterilise the plastic toys and make sure everything is cleaned well. We wear aprons and gloves whilst changing babies nappies, and to go around every morning and evening checking that nothings broken. We also give out daily sheets to give to the parent/carer at the end of the day, to tell them what theyve had and what theyve done during the day. The Special Needs Code of Practice is designed to help make effective decisions regarding children and young people with special educational needs, but this does not mean you can tell them exactly what to do in each individual case. A positive environment and routine teaches children how to behave with people in general, in my work setting the ages are 3-18 months, so the older babies might get an early understanding on how to be around people and how to be around one another. If the staff are positive and approachable, it could also help children to talk to staff more about any concerns they may have. Also it allows parents to talk to the staff more easily, and feel included and equal. 3) This is part of children’s learning about self care and personal hygiene. We can help them do this by encouraging them to wash their hands before and after eating, and also giving them a mirror which can help them too. In my work setting, ages 3-18 months, it is very different, as theyd need their nappies changed regularly to prevent infections and sores, and to also talk to the parent/carer about any allergies or skin conditions their child might have. We also talk to parents/carers about their child’s hair in case they have any allergies or conditions as they may require special products. And we will ask them to bring in hats, especially during Summer. Teeth are important too, as well as having healthy milk teeth, it encourages the healthy adult teeth. With older children, workers can encourage children to brush their own teeth in the morning and before bedtime with the guidance of the parent/carer. 4) Rest and exercise both play a crucial part in health and well being of children. Learning and memory are at there best in well rested children. Exercise is equally important, playing a vital role in physical health, which promotes muscle and bone strength. In my work setting we promote exercise by doing activities with them which can include dancing, going out to the outside play area or going for a walk to the park, and then when they get out of their prams, they explore and identify new things too. We encourage rest by doing certain activities which includes sitting down and reading books and putting them to bed after lunch time and if they are tired at any time throughout the day we will put them in a cot/pram. 5) The basic nutritional requirements include plenty of fruit and veg, which we should be having at least five portions of a variety everyday. In my work setting we encourage the children to eat fruit and veg everyday by giving a different variety at both snack times. Bread, rice, potatoes and pasta and other starchy foods, milk and dairy foods, and also some meat, fish and alternatives, also to have a small amounts of foods and drink which is high in fat or sugar, although this should be kept restricted to special occasion foods only. 6) When children come together at meal/snack time, they should be all eating the same food, however there can be special requirements. For example, children with chewing or digestive difficulties may need their food chopped or liquidized. Specific food additives may cause allergic reactions. And even cultural/religious preferences may restrict specific foods, as either a general rule, or certain times and holidays. Whoever cant eat meat for any reason, we give alternatives to the foods given. 7) Food is a common way for illness to spread, workers who are ill or have recently been ill can unknowingly contaminate foods which are prepared and served to the children. In childcare settings, food safety is everyones responsibility, any member of staff that comes in contact with the food should be familiar with safe food handling practices and all work places should have a food safety book. The National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC) provides national guidelines for childcare which covers all areas of care, which includes information on all aspects of quality childcare, including hygiene, communications, discipline, food and nutrition. Research time journal. 40 minutes on questions 1-4 30 minutes on questions 5-7

michael jordan :: essays research papers

Michael is married, and he and his wife Juanita have 3 kids, named Jasmine, Jeffrey and Marcus. He has been on two Olympic Gold Medal teams. Once as a college player in 1984 and the second time on Dream Team I in 1992. Air Jordan, is one of the two most explosive dunkers of all-time, the other being Dr. J. He has won the Slam Dunk Contest Twice (1987 and 1988, competing previously in 1985), then basically retired from the competition. Michael dons a brand new pair of Air Jordans for each game, usually donating the pair after the game. Jordan's father, James, was killed in a robbery in 1993. This devastating event in Michael's life was partially responsible for him leaving the NBA. He claimed that basketball held no more challenges for him. He turned to Baseball for a challenge where he played in the White Sox organization. He was quick, and could play defense, but he just couldn't do enough with the bat. His return to basketball came on March 19, 1995 against Indiana. The Bulls had retired Jordan's number 23 on November 11, 1994. When Michael returned he wore number 45, but soon returned to his familiar number 23. After a shaky return at the end of the 1995 season (only scoring 26.9 ppg), he was back in full form for 1995-96, winning another scoring title. He was named the MVP for the fourth time in 1996 and won his fourth NBA Championship and won his fourth NBA Finals MVP Trophy. Jordan was only the second person, the other was Willis Reed in 1970, to win the MVP for the regular season, Finals and AS Game. Jordan did it in 1996 after making his return and leading the Bulls to an NBA record 72 wins. Jordan led his Bull's to a Sixth NBA Championship in 1998, and he added a fifth MVP Trophy in 1998, after losing out to Karl Malone in 1997. He also beat Karl's Jazz for the Title that year. Jordan joins Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Bill Russell as the only five time winners of the MVP, Jabbar has actually won it six times. Jordan was named MVP in 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996 and now in 1998. In 1996 he was also selected to be on the All-Interview team, along with Malone, Barkley, Magic and Jayson Williams. He was a repeat on the All-Interview in 1998 when everyone asked him about his retirement.

Driver’s Ed Reflection 3&4

REFLECTION JOURNAL Name: Brooks Lloyd Hubbard Modules 3 & 4 Module 3: Natural Forces Affecting the Driver Date: 10/19/12 Vocabulary: Please define six (6) of the following terms in your own words. Please do not just copy and paste the definition. 1. Gravity- A invisible force that an astronomical object exerts on its surface. 2. Inertia-The property of a body by which it remains at rest or continues moving until affected by another force. 3. Potential Energy-The energy that a body or system has stored because of its position 4.Kinetic Energy- The energy a body or system has because it is moving. 5. Friction- Resistance encountered by a moving object in contact with another object. 6. Traction-The adhesive friction between a moving object and the surface on which it is moving. 7. Centrifugal Force-An apparent force that seems to pull a rotating object away from a center. 8. Centripetal Force- a force that pulls a spinning object toward a center. 9. Deceleration- The property of an obj ect slowing down. 10. Force of impact- Module 4 – Signs, Signals & Pavement Markings 1.Explain the purpose of the following in complete sentence answers, using proper spelling and grammar: A. Broken yellow lines indicate: Broken yellow lines indicate passing zones for vehicles traveling on a two way, traffic opposing each other road. B. Yellow lines (broken or solid) indicate what type of traffic flow: The side of the road with the solid yellow line facing it is a no-passing zone, while the opposite side of the road, with the broken yellow line facing it, passing is allowed. C. Broken white lines indicate: The white line means traffic in both lanes is traveling in the same direction.The broken lines indicate that drivers may change lanes. Observe and describe the different signs in YOUR city. Give specific examples of each (include color, shape, what the sign is for, etc. ). Write in complete sentences, using proper spelling and grammar. A. A regulatory sign: There are these white signs around key intersections in the town. They have written on them â€Å"Buckle Up It’s the law† with a white human stick figure who has a seatbelt on. Just so drivers know what state it is for, the put a green-colored image of the State of Florida. B. A motorist services sign:When we are driving home and we are coming off the freeway, I always notice a big blue sign with categories. The categories sometimes say â€Å"Gas† or â€Å"Food† with the emblems of corporations such as Burger King or Shell gas. C. A recreational sign At the beach, there are signs put up far from land for boats. It usual says not to go past this point or beware of sharks and tidal waves. D. A sign that you know what it means because of its shape: *If there is not one of each of the above signs in your town describe any 3 different types you see in your community.Answer in complete sentences, using proper spelling and grammar. 2. List 3 interesting or important facts from Module 3 and 4 using complete sentences and proper spelling and grammar: A. Recognize the color and type of lines on the road at all times, it could save your life. B. You cannot pass when a solid yellow line is on your side. C. Once you start through an intersection, keep going. Last-second changes may cause collisions. If you missed a turn, continue to the next intersection and work your way back to where you want to go.

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Culture Vocab Chart Word| Definition| Explain| Example| Language| Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. | Form of communication used amongst people. | EnglishFrenchBengali| Standard Language| Variant of language that a country’s people seek to use in schools, media, government, etc. | Used for official government business, education, and mass communications. English in AmericaFrench in FranceEnglish in Canada| Dialects| Local or regional characteristics of language| Has different pronunciation and distinctive grammar ad vocab| South: â€Å"Y'all† North: â€Å"You guys† South: â€Å"Fixin' to† North: â€Å"About to†| Isogloss| Geographic boundary within which linguistic feature occurs| separates regions in which different languages exist| Ossetia -European| Mutual Intelligibility| Ability of two people to understand each other when speaking | Understanding what someone else speaks| Bob understand what Billy says. L anguage families| Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin| Languages that came from same root language| Indo European| Sound Shift| Slight change in word across languages within subfamily or thorough language family | Change of language that affect pronunciation| | Proto-Indo-European| Linguistic hypothesis proposing existence of an ancestral Indo European language| Hearth of ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which link modern languages. Scandinavia to North Africa and North America through parts of Asia to Australia| Backward Reconstruction| Tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants â€Å"backward† toward original language | Going backward to original language | â€Å"milk† in English, â€Å"melk† in Dutch, â€Å"milche† in German. | Extinct Language| Language without any native speakers| Language not spoken anymore| Latin, Gothic, Hebrew| Deep Reconstruction| Technique using vocabulary of an extinct language to r e-create language that preceded it. Going back to a language’s preceded language| â€Å"milk† in English, â€Å"melk† in Dutch, â€Å"milche† in German| Nostratic| Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto Indo Europeans| Also for the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus regions| Hungarian, Finnish | Language Divergence| Opposite of language convergence; Process that German linguist August Schleicher suggested| languages are formed when language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction | French spoken in France is now different from the French spoken in Quebec. Language Convergence| Opposite of language divergence; collapsing of two languages into one| Results from consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages| Balkans where different languages (such as Greek, Albanian, Romania, Bulgarian) all share certain features of grammar| Renfrew Hypothesis| Developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew. Said th at 3 areas in and near first agricultural hearth, Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families. | Europe’s Indo European languages, North African and Arabian languages, and languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Anatolia (Turkey), Western arc of Fertile Crescent, Eastern arc of Fertile Crescent. | Conquest theory| Major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused to Europe | Early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, and started diffusions of European tongues. | Modern day Ukraine. | Commodification | Process in which something is given monetary value| Good or idea is turned into something that has particular value and can be traded in market economy. | Chicken used to be expensive, and only for special occasions.With battery farming, chicken meat has become a commodity. | Monolingual States| Countries in which one language is spoken| These are countries with only one official language| Japan (Japanese)| Official Lan guage| Language selected often by educated and politically powerful elite| To promote internal cohesion, usually language used in courts and government. | America: EnglishFrance: FrenchMexico: Spanish| Toponym| Place name| Word coined in association with the name of a place. New York = From the Duke of York, Nova Scotia = â€Å"New Scotland†, New Jersey = from the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel| Secularism| Ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth| Not to accommodate prescriptions of a deity and promise of comfortable afterlife| America| Monotheistic Religion| One supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in universe| Is the belief in the existence of one god or in the oneness of God. | Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. Polytheistic Religion| Multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in universe| Belief in more than one god| Hinduism, Buddhism, Wicca| Animistic Religion| In animate objects possess souls | Can help or hinder human efforts on Earth| Shintoism, Animism. | Universalizing Religion| Belief that there is one true religion that is universal in scope| Religion that wants to take over world| Islam and Christianity| Ethnic Religion| Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct group of people. Don’t actively seek converts through missionary work| Judaism, Hinduism| Romance Languages| Languages that lay in areas those were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed. | Related languages derived from  Vulgar Latin and forming a subgroup of the  Italic languages  within the  Indo-European  language family. | French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese. Germanic Languages| Languages that reflect expansion of people out of Northern Europe to west and south| Sub-branch of the  Indo-European  language family. | English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish. | Slavic Languages| Languages developed as Slavic people migrated from base in present day Ukraine| Close to 2000 years ago| Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Bulgarian| Lingua Franca| Tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and some Arabic. â€Å"Common language†, language used among speakers of different languages for purpose of trade and commerce. | English| Pidgin Language| Parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary | Simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. | Name of the Creole language  Tok Pisin  derives from the English words  talk pidgin. Creole Language| Language that began as pidgin language | Later adopted as mother tongue by people in place of mother tongue. | | Cultural Landscape| Visible imprint of human activity and culture on landscape| Imprinted on landscape by the activi ties of various human occupants | Building, forms, and artifacts| Placelessness| Loss of uniqueness of place | One place looks like the next| Association of Manchester with a distinctive style of music and club culture is relatively recent. Intrafaith boundaries| Boundaries within the same faith| A major religion’s boundaries| Sunni & ShiiteCatholic & Protestant| Interfaith boundaries| Boundaries between different religion| Major religions’ boundaries| Muslims & Christians. | Religious fundamentalism| Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of faith and to influence state policy| A usually  religious  movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles| Protestant  community in the  United States  in the early  20th century| Shari’a laws| System of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu’ranic law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on interpret ation| Women must wear a hijab at all times, or else they will be stoned to death| Jihad| Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as â€Å"Holy War† | Personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to religious standards| defense of religion when attacked with aggressive wars of conquest and expansion| Folk culture| Cultural traits such ad dress mode, dwellings, and tradition| Institutions of usually small, traditional communities. Amish| Popular culture| Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify| Part of today’s changeable, urban-bases, media-influenced western societies. 2chainz, skinny jeans, Christmas tree| Local culture| Group of people in particular place who see themselves as a collective or community| Share experiences, customs, and traits, work to preserve those traits and customs| Hutterites in North America| Material culture| Art, housing, clothing, sports dances, foods and other similar items| Constructed or created by a group of people| Eating curry, wearing a kimono | Nonmaterial culture| Beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people| Not constructed or created by a group of people| Praying five times a day, French is spoken in France| Hierarchical diffusion | Idea or innovation spreads by passing first among most connected places or people | Leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence | Spread of fashion spreads from level to nest level | Hearth| Area where idea or cultural trait originates| Place of origin| Hearth of corn was from Mexico| Assimilate| People lose originality differentiating traits when they come into contact with another culture | Used to describe immigrant adaption to new places of residence| Mexican teens start acting/dressing more American after they move here. | Custom| Practice routinely followed by a group of people| Another word is tradition| Taking your shoes off before going into a house. | Cultu ral Appropriation| Culture adopts ustoms and knowledge from other cultures | Uses them for their unadoptable in that particular culture| Native American dream catchers adopted by USA and sold in stores| Neolocalism| Seeking out of regional culture and reinvigoration of it | In response to uncertainty of the modern world. | | Ethnic neighborhood| Situated in larger metropolitan city and constructed by a local culture| In which local culture can practice its customs| Little Haiti in Santa Domingo | Hinduism| One of oldest religions in modern world, originating in Indus River Valley| Doesn’t have a single founder, single theology, or agreement on its origins. | | Buddhism| Enlightenment would come through knowledge, no greed, craving, or desire. Complete honesty. Splintered from Hinduism as reaction to strict social hierarchy by Hinduism| | Caste system| Strict social segregation of people| Basis of ancestry and occupation| India’s Hindu society | Shintoism| Religion loca ted in Japan and related to Buddhism| Focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship| | Taoism| Religion founded Lao Tsu and based on â€Å"Book of the Way† | Proper form of political rule on the oneness of humanity and nature| | Judaism| Roots and teachings of Abraham, uniting his people to worship only one god| Jews worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews| | Diaspora | Forceful or voluntary dispersal of people from homeland to new place | Population dispersal or involuntary relocation| Jews during the Holocaust| Zionism| Movement to unite the Jews of the Diaspora| Establish a national homeland for them in the promised land. | | Sunni| Adherents to largest branch of Islam, believe in value of family and community in solution of life’s problem| Differ from Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative. | | Shiite| Also known as Shiahs, represent Persian variation of Islam | Believe in infallibility and divine right to authority of descendants of Ali. | Pilgrimage| Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site| Pay respect or participate in a ritual at the site| Hajj| Hajj| Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca| Birthplace of Muhammad| | Authenticity| Accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast conveys| Otherwise dynamics and complex local culture or its customs| | Distance decay| Effects of distance on interaction| Greater the distance the less interaction | Mexican would be closer to American than Russian| Time-space compression| Social and psychological effects of living in a world which t-s convergence has rapidly reached high intensity| Associated with work of David Harvey | | Genocide | systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation| Planned elimination of a group of people| Jews during the Holocaust|

PARCC Practice Tests Where to Find and How to Use Them

PARCC Practice Tests Where to Find and How to Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you (or your child) are worried about preparing for an upcoming PARCC exam, official practice tests are the best way to study. Here, we’ll direct you to these PARCC practice materials. We’ll also explain how to use these tests (and other resources at your disposal) if you want to do well on an upcoming PARCC exam. What Is PARCC? PARCC is a of a group of states that administers standardized exams to students in grades 3-11. These exams are designed to assess college and career readiness. PARCC exam results help teachers, schools, and districts track student performance. At an individual level, these results may help teachers customize instruction for students who may need extra help. The program itself is relatively new, so students and parents alike may have questions about what the tests are like. For more info about PARCC, check out ourin-depth post on the test content. Where to Find PARCC Practice Tests Like I mentioned, PARCC is still pretty new, so there aren’t a ton of practice materials available. Because different tests are administered at each grade level (3-11), it’s difficult to put together a wealth of practice tests for each group of students. In addition, PARCC practice tests aren’t meant to act as admissions exams (like the SAT or the ACT) - they’re state exams meant to measure competency and progress, mostly at the aggregate level. This means that test prep companies are less motivated to come up with unofficial practice materials. Followingare links to all available official practice tests and answer keys. The PARCC exams are usually administered on a computer, so for the most realistic testing experience, select the Computer-Based Practice Tests under the tab for each grade (if you choose to download a paper version, that’s fine - just download the corresponding paper test answer key). Make sure you’re selecting practice tests for End-of-Year exams for the appropriate grade level. English practice testsandanswer keys Math practice testsandanswer keys How These Will Help You Prepare for the PARCC Exam A big part of preparing for any standardized test is familiarizing yourself with test format and logistics. Taking a practice test or two should help students get more comfortable with the exam so that on test day they can focus primarily on demonstrating knowledge of content. High school students may benefit from reviewing PARCC exams for another important reason: the question types and formats are pretty similar to those on the ACT and SAT. PARCC practice tests should definitely not replace official ACT and SAT prep material, but they may make for good supplements! Why You Shouldn't Stress About Preparing for PARCC Exams Teachers and other administrators will likely stress the importance of doing well on these exams because they’re definitely an important measure of students’ progress (and they may affect how teachers and schools are evaluated). The bottom line is, however, that no student will suffer negative consequences as a result of a low PARCC score - if anything, they’ll receive extra help. Scores have no effect on GPA or, for older students, on college admissions. If you’re concerned about an upcoming PARCC exam, I encourage you to check out the practice tests listed above. In addition, however, you should speak to your teacher - he or she can speak to how you’ll learn the necessary material together in class and whether you may need extra help to prepare. Unlike for college admissions tests, it’s not just the student’s responsibility to prepare for PARCC exams. There's less to stress about than you might think! Summary Official PARCC practice testsmay be helpful for students and parents who are curious about the exams (or similar tests). Ultimately, though, PARCC exams don’t have an impact on students’ GPAs or college admissions chances - they’re primarily a measure of college and career-readiness for school districts. If you’re worried about performance on a PARCC exam, these practice tests will come in handy - just make sure to check in with your teacher about your concerns! What's Next? PARCC content is based on Common Core standards. If you want to do well on a PARCC exam, you may want to read more about the Common Core and why it matters. Looking at tests similar to the PARCC? Read more about ACT Aspireand check out available practice tests. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Marketing Basics The 101 Guide to Everything You Need to Know

Marketing Basics The 101 Guide to Everything You Need to Know Marketing is complex. It encompasses tons of different disciplines, strategies, and tactics. As a result, developing a basic understanding of how it works can be difficult. Learning the trade can take years of dedication and honing your craft, oftentimes in a handful of specific areas (such as strategy, copywriting, or analytics). Like a lot of things, though, future success starts with solid fundamentals. And if you’re looking to learn, you’ve come to the right place. This post will cover everything you need to get started on your marketing journey. Think of it like the ultimate 101 guide, packed full of actionable advice you won’t learn in the classroom. It’s also laid out to be easy to understand, turning complicated concepts into easily digestible chunks of information. Bookmark this page, then get down to learning. Marketing Basics: The 101 Guide to Everything You Need to Know by @Ben_via @Download Your Free Marketing Resources Bundle Since this is such an enormous topic, it’s tough to cover everything within a reasonable amount of space. That’s where these additional resources come in. Grab this bundle and you’ll get: Marketing Strategy Guide (PDF): Get an in-depth education on strategy. Marketing Calendar Template: Your all-in-one project planning and scheduling tool. Beating Makeshift Marketing: When it’s time to build your marketing tool stack, see what makes the best option for getting organized. Get all three for free (it only takes a few moments), then continue with the rest of this post.What is Marketing? In simplest terms, marketing is the act of driving profitable customer action. It spans the full scope of strategies and tactics organizations use to position products and services in the marketplace, and motivate target audiences to make a purchase. Recommended Reading: How to Document the Marketing Process in Six Steps Understanding the Marketing Mix and the 4 P’s of Marketing For all its complexity, at its core, marketing revolves around four things: product, price, promotion, and place. Tactics and channels change, but these are the concepts everything else revolves around, and they’re principles that never change. Some models expand these basic principles to 7 P's, or another variation. But, for your purposes, these four should be sufficient for developing an understanding of how marketing works. Product This is what a company sells, whether that means a physical good, or a service (such as consulting, a subscription, or something else). From a marketing perspective, the following would need to be determined: How many different product variations or lines should be sold?  For example, a car manufacturer might strategize on which vehicle categories to build (such as family cars, SUVs, crossovers, or pickup trucks). How should they be packaged or presented?  To make another example, if a company made replacement car floor mats, should they come in a box? A bag? Something else? How will it be serviced? This could include warranties, handling returns, and so forth. Marketers might even have some involvement in determining how products are designed and which features they might include (here at , for instance, marketers and product developers communicate closely). Marketing works best when marketing teams communicate with product teams.Price This is just â€Å"how much stuff costs,† right? Well, sure. But there’s more to it than that. Price means more than just what stuff costs.If marketing is all about driving profitable action, then prices need to be set at a level the market will support. Here are some marketing considerations with prices: What is the market rate per unit of a product? This requires some market analysis and competitive research to determine what’s a fair price for a product, given its cost to produce, and what people are willing to pay. How should discounts be timed and applied? Should the product be put on sale at certain times of year? Does it make sense to give customers options for payments?  A car dealership might offer financing options, rather than expecting people to pay the full price up front. Promotion If a product launches but no one cares, does it even exist? Well, yeah, technically it does, but it’s just taking up space if no one’s buying it. Once a product is out there, it needs to be promoted so people know it exists. Which channels will be used to promote the product? This includes online and offline channels. Where will it be promoted? Online? Offline? In stores? At events? What message needs to be communicated?  What copy and verbiage will tell audiences what the product is all about, and encourage them to buy it? Place The right product needs to be in the right place for people to find it and buy it. Where is the product distributed? Online? Offline? Will specific locations get the product?  For example, if you sell cold weather clothing, you might not distribute as much to Florida and you might in Minnesota. 10 Key Areas of Modern Marketing to Understand Spend a little bit of time researching marketing online and you’ll find references to all different areas of marketing. Here are some that are most likely to be relevant to your work. Content Marketing The hype around content has been building steadily for years, and with good reason: people want to be helped and informed more than they want to be sold to and interrupted. The main idea behind content marketing is creating content that helps inform your audience and solve their problems. This achieves a few important goals: Building an audience. Establishing authority. Driving sales. The â€Å"content† part of content marketing spans a lot of different things. Primarily, this means blogging and website content, but it can also include email, social media, video, ebooks, or any other type of digital content used for marketing. It can also include print collateral, like brochures or magazines. Recommended Reading: How to Build a Content Marketing Strategy You'll Actually Use (Free Template) How to Make Content Strategy More Effective With User Psychology The Best Annual Content Calendar Template to Get Organized All Year Email Marketing When it comes to driving conversions, it’s tough to beat the return on investment of email marketing. Different studies cite different figures, but it’s generally accepted that it drives around 3,800% to 4,200% ROI (meaning that for every dollar spent, it produces $38 to $42 in revenue). Recommended Reading: 40 Actionable Email Marketing Tips That Will Boost Results The 9 Free Email Marketing Templates You Need to Execute Everything The Best Way to Organize an Effective Email Marketing Strategy Social Media Marketing Organic reach on popular social networks is declining on popular platforms like Twitter and Facebook, but social media marketing is far from dead. It’s effective for building brand awareness, developing community, and getting your content and products in front of new people. Recommended Reading: The Best Way to Plan a Social Media Strategy in 5 Steps (Free Template) 50 Social Media Best Practices Every Business Should Follow What 23 Studies Say About the Best Time to Post on Social Media How to Organize a Year of Posts With an Annual Social Media Calendar Online Video Marketing Did you know that over 400 hours of video gets uploaded to YouTube  every minute? That’s incredible. So is the fact that it’s the world’s second largest search engine  (second only to Google, which owns YouTube, and even bigger than Bing and Yahoo combined). It’s not the only video platform out there for marketers to know about, either. Wistia is practically the industry-standard for hosting embeddable web video, and Vimeo is a fantastic place for creatives. Plus, social video on Facebook (and to some extent, Twitter as well) is also becoming increasingly important. Recommended Reading: How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way How to Write a Video Script That Will Make $100,000,000 (Free Kit) How to Make a Video Marketing Strategy That Will Engage Your Audience Advertising and Pay-Per-Click Have you ever seen those ads at the top of search results? Those are pay-per-click (PPC) ads. PPC advertising offers marketers excellent opportunity to sell products directly to searchers. It’s also great because it makes it possible to see exactly how much you’re spending vs. how much revenue your advertising efforts are generating. Recommended Reading: How to Manage Your PPC Campaigns in Adwords How to Make the Most of Facebook Advertising to Reach New Audiences Search Engine Optimization Few, if any, tactics or channels drive more traffic on average than search engine optimization. Few digital marketing tactics drive more traffic than search engine optimization.It’s the process of structuring content and executing other tasks that help improve your site’s search engine rankings, pulling in an audience that’s interested in the topics your site covers, and the products your company sells. Recommended Reading: The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide That Will Make Your Traffic Soar SEO Content Strategy: How to Skyrocket Your Traffic By 594% Your Ultimate Content Marketer’s Guide to Keyword Research Public Relations Even in an era packed with new and flashy channels and tactics, good old-fashioned relationship-building remains essential for effective marketing. PR is all about managing perceptions and relationships, ensuring people think positively about your brand. Recommended Reading: How to Build a Modern PR Plan That Works With Your Marketing How to Write the Best Press Releases With 21 Examples and 7 Templates How to Monetize Your Content Marketing With Gini Dietrich From Spin Sucks Influencer Marketing Why talk up your products yourself when you can have trusted folks promote them for you? Why talk up your products yourself when you can have trusted folks promote them for you?That’s the crux of influencer marketing, which involves working with popular people within a given niche or industry to put your products in front of their audiences. Recommended Reading: Instagram Influencer Marketing: How to Get It Right in 6 Steps How to Boost Engagement With Micro-Influencers the Right Way How to Use Instagram Stories the Best Way for Successful Social Media Campaigns Developing a Marketing Strategy Marketing can be boiled down to the following: Who are you trying to reach? What do you want them to do? How will you encourage them to take that action? How will you measure marketing’s impact on influencing that action? This framework is simple to understand and yet difficult to master in actual execution. Success starts with sound strategy, though, and getting it right is essential. Take a look at some important stats that illustrate its importance: So, why is strategy important? Think of marketing like taking a trip. Sure, you could just hop in the car, and take off with no sense of direction. But, you’ll probably just waste time, burn gas, and never end up anywhere meaningful. If you had a map and an itinerary though, you would have been prepared to make the most of your time, and actually accomplish something. That’s what strategy gets you. A sense of direction, so you can use your time effectively, understand why you’re doing your work, and increase the odds of achieving your goals. Recommended Reading: How to Create a Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Getting to Know Your Audience First things first, companies exist to serve customers. Simple enough, right? Well, figuring out exactly who those customers are, and what problems they need solved, is easier said than done. Recommended Reading: How to Find Your Target Audience and Create the Best Content That Connects Figuring Out What You Want Them to Do Once you’ve determined who you need to reach, the next step is figuring out what’s required to move them toward a sale. For some companies, this is simple: convincing customers to grab a product and buy it at the store. But, there may be actions you drive them toward before reaching that step (such as getting onto a mailing list or becoming a social media follower). For others (for example, service-based companies), you might want to get leads (potential customers) to place a phone call for a demo or a consultation before they commit to purchasing. Recommended Reading: How to Write a Call to Action in Six Steps With a Template Understanding the Marketing Funnel When determining actions you want your audience to take, it’s useful to understand how the marketing funnel works. Funnels help illustrate where customers are at in the buying process, from being unaware of a product (or having a problem), to researching different options, down to making an actual purchase. Here’s a simple illustration: While there are different ways to illustrate funnels, they typically map out customer buying stages to the following phases: Top of Funnel (TOFU): The customer is unaware of a product or company. Middle of the Funnel (MOFU): The customer is actively researching products. Bottom of the Funnel (BOFU): The customer is ready to buy. Recommended Reading: How to Map Content to the Marketing Funnel and Boost Conversions By 69.77% Determining Your Tactics Part of an effective strategy is narrowing which tactics you’ll implement to achieve your goals. When you’re just starting out, this can seem daunting. There are always more thing you can do, than what you actually have time to do well. So, where do you start? According to a survey of 1,500+ marketers, here were their most popular content types: Notice that blogging, social media, and email marketing round up the top three. For most companies doing content marketing, those are the three most obvious places to start. But, determining which tactics may work best for you may be another story. Maybe you’re doing marketing, but not content marketing specifically. Maybe you’re in an industry or role where marketing means doing things like securing partnerships, hosting events, or doing â€Å"traditional† marketing (like producing print collateral). Consider following this process: Know your audience. Who are you trying to reach? Figure out where those people hang out. Where can you reach those people? Think on which tactics and channels could reach those people, in those places. Which marketing activities could be used to reach the right people, in the right places, at the right time? That’s an open-ended question, but whatever the answer may be, that’s where you should start. Recommended Reading: How to Determine Your Marketing Tactics Nailing the Execution Once the strategy is in place, it’s time to put it into action. Once marketing strategy is in place, it’s time to put it into action.This requires: Having the right skills. Once you know what to do, you need to know how to do it. Having the right staff. Putting the right people in the right place is key to success. Having the right tools. A professional always uses the best available solution to tackle a given task or problem. What Are Some Common Marketing Skills? The skills a marketer needs depend on their role. Some basics that apply to lots of different types of roles include: Verbal communication. Marketing is all about communication. Being able to express your ideas clearly is key. Writing. You’ll be doing a lot of writing, whether creating content, or emails to stakeholders. Research. The more granular, often the better. Analytics. Understanding how to spot trends in data is essential. Recommended Reading: The 48 Most Essential Marketing Skills You Need to Be Successful in 2018 How Are Marketing Departments Usually Structured? The way teams are built depends on the company’s size, industry, budget, and a lot of other factors. Some companies have teams of one, while others might span multiple marketing teams across multiple departments or business units. Recommended Reading: How to Structure Modern Marketing Departments for Success How Are Marketing Tool Stacks Typically Built? The tools those teams use to execute their work might vary depending on tactics and personnel. Some common tools practitioners use include: Project management tools: Needed to keep teams organized and projects on track. Social media scheduling tools: Because manually scheduling posts at scale is nearly impossible. Editorial and marketing calendars: Used to set deadlines and map publish dates. Email marketing platforms: Important for managing email lists and delivering newsletters. Marketing management platforms: Tools like , which consolidate several of the tool categories listed above, while integrating with other popular tools. Analytics tools: Used to measure performance. SEO tools: To monitor keyword rankings, do competitive research, track incoming backlinks, conduct keyword research, and more. Marketing automation tools: Used to automate processes, such as email flows. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) software: Powerful platforms used to store customer data and maintain relationships with consumers. Recommended Reading: The 110 Best Marketing Tools to Consider When Building Your Toolstack Understanding Measurement and Analytics If you can’t measure the impact of your marketing activities, then you may as well not be doing anything at all. Every action should always be connected to specific metrics, in service of achieving a specific goal. Recommended Reading: Email Marketing Metrics: How to Measure and Report on the Most Important Metrics Everything You Need to Know About Instagram Analytics to Smash Your Goals Social Media Analytics Tools: How to Choose the Best One For You Analytics From : Make Smarter Decisions Additional Learning Resources One of the best things about marketing is you’re never done learning. And in effort to support your learning, (and a lot of other great companies) are committed to helping you develop your knowledge and skills. Academy: Find exclusive educational content and level up your skills. Blog: Enjoy this post? You’ll find tons more here (plus fresh content each week). Actionable Marketing Podcast: Features new interviews each week with leading marketing experts. The 10X Marketing Formula: Comprehensive book from co-founder and CEO Garrett Moon. Make learning marketing easy with this guide + tons of extra resourcesThat’s a Wrap There’s a lot of information to process in this post. But, now that you’ve covered most of what you’ll need to know as a marketing practitioner (both on the surface level, and with links to deeper reads on tons of sub-topics), you’re now better prepared than ever to continue your marketing education and level up your career. Is there anything we missed? Let us know below.

Article Summary ( Financial Planning and Accounting) Essay

Article Summary ( Financial Planning and Accounting) - Essay Example The accountant is the major channel through which quantitative information flows to management† (Lynch & Williamson, 1976, 6). The essay aims to address the following questions after a review of three articles on the subject of finance, accounting or ethical standards, to wit: (1) discuss the key differences in accounting and finance; (2) discuss the types of reports accounting and finance personnel generate and the purpose of the reports; and (3) compare and contrast the types of business decisions that can be made using accounting and finance information. Key Differences in Accounting and Finance Dr. Castro of LeTourneau University briefly presented the differences in accounting and finance by examining their primary functions. Accordingly, accounting is focused on the development and generation of data that measure the accurate quantitative performance of an organization, evaluating its financial status, and to compute for the taxes the firm has to pay.

Create a Problem Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Create a Problem Statement - Essay Example [1] Business Leadership is also a major problem for Kathy as with different outlets she would not be able to manage the task and operations of each outlets personally which is why she would need to find business managers who are capable in running the business, and even though she would be easily able to locate adept business managers, she might not be able to locate those that are well intone with the gourmet cooking business practices or are not interested in pursuing a career in this spectra of business. [2] The solutions to the problems faced by Kathy Kudler are simplistic in theory but rather difficult in practice. However, it is this same theory that has to be applied in order to ascertain practical workable solutions to the problems. The major problem being faced is related to business expansion. Even though we assume that pertinent revenue is at hand which is required for expansion, there are still other factors of expansion which need to be catered to. A clear definitive business strategy has to be created which has to encompass the geographic activities of all the business centers and yet has to be directed towards the main goal of the business.

WWI, Great Depression, WWII, and the Cold War Essay

WWI, Great Depression, WWII, and the Cold War - Essay Example Although there is an uneasy balance in the power relationship between individual states and the federal government, it seems the federal government gained an upperhand in the power equation. The First World War (or WWI) started for no apparent or obvious reasons although it was believed the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria triggered it. This war started in 1914 and lasted until 1918 and it was originally mostly a European affair. This war later on became global and America, although leaning towards isolationsm, soon found it got involved in it on the side of the Allies or Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers (consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later on, also Italy). It was the age of imperialism and colonization where countries vied for foreign territories and America entered the war supposedly to safeguard the democratic ideals it espouses but in real terms, America entered a period of its own imperialist ambitions. The federal government grew stronger in this period because of its Manifest Destiny polical doctrine (OSullivan 426). This was a time when America acquired several foreign territories such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, and the Philippines (in the 1898 Spanish-American War) after it had previously acquired vast territories formerly belonging to Mexico such as Texas, Illinois, Colorado, California, and Arizona. All these territorial acquisitions required a strong federal government for these actions to push through in Congress and in conduct of foreign policy. The expansionist strategy of America was soon followed by the Great Depression in 1929 that was started by a stock market crash on October 29, 1929 but later engulfed an entire world as assets prices collapsed. American citizens lost their life savings while the nations big wealth invested in its stock markets evaporated as panic ensued among the

Symptoms and Treatment of Parkinsons Disease

Symptoms and Treatment of Parkinsons Disease Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurologic disorder affecting the brain centers that are responsible for control and regulation of movement. It is characterized by bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremor, and muscle stiffness or rigidity (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). The major lesion appears to result in a loss of pigmented neurons, particularly those in the substantia nigra of the brain. The substantia nigra is a collection of midbrain nuclei that project fibers to the corpus striatum. One of the major neurotransmitters in this area of the brain, and in other parts of the central nervous system, is dopamine, which has an important inhibiting function in the central control of movement (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Although dopamine normally exists in high concentration in certain parts of the brain, in Parkinson’s disease it is depleted in the substania nigra and the corpus striatum. Depletion of dopamine levels in the basal ganglia is associated with bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Regional cerebral blood flow is reduced in patients with Parkinson’s disease, and there is a high prevalence of dementia. Biochemical and pathologic data suggest that demented patients with Parkinson’s disease may have coexistent Alzheimer’s disease (Connelly Fox, 2012). In the majority of patients, the cause of the disease is unknown. Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism is seen more frequently in older age groups. It may follow encephalitis, poisoning, or toxicity (manganese, carbon monoxide), or hypoxia, or may be drug induced. The disease most frequently attacks persons in their fifties and sixties and is the second most common neurologic disorder of the elderly (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease are impaired movement, muscle rigidity, tremor, muscle weakness, and loss of postural reflexes. Early signs include a stiffening of the extremities and a wax-like rigidity in the performance of all movements. The patient has difficulty in initiating, maintaining, and performing motor activities, and experiences some delay in carrying out normal activity (Kofman). As the disease progresses, the tremor begins, frequently in one hand and arm, then the other, and later in the head, although the tremor may remain unilateral. The tremor is characteristic: it is a slow, turning motion (pronation-supination) of the forearm and the hand, and motion of the thumb against the fingers as if rolling a pill between the fingers. It increases when the patient is concentrating or feels anxious (Connelly Fox, 2012). Other characteristics of the disease affect the face, stature, and gait. There is loss of normal arm swing. Eventually, the rigid extremities become weaker. Since there is limited movement in the muscles, the face has so little expression that it is said to be masklike (with infrequency of blinking), a feature that can be recognized at a glance (Connelly Fox, 2012). There is a loss of postural reflexes, and the patient stands with head bent forward and walks as if in danger of falling forward. Difficulty in pivoting and loss of balance may lead to frequent falls (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Frequently, these patients show signs of depression, and it has not been established whether the depression is a reaction to the disorder or related to a biochemical abnormality. Mental manifestations may appear in the form of cognitive, perceptual, and memory deficits. A number of psychiatric manifestations (personality changes, psychosis, dementia, confusion) are particularly common among the elderly (Kofman). Complications from immobility (pneumonia, urinary tract infection) and the consequences of falls and accidents are major causes of death (Kofman). Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can be difficult, as the patient can rarely pinpoint when symptoms started. Often someone close to the patient notices a change such as stooped posture, stiff arm, a slight limp, or tremor. Handwriting changes may be an early diagnostic clue. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can usually be made with certainty when there is evidence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The results of the patient’s history and neurological examination are carefully evaluated. Without treatment Parkinson’s disease progresses over ten to fifteen years to a rigid, akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The availability of effective pharmacological treatment has altered the prognosis of Parkinson’s disease; in most cases, functional mobility can be maintained for many years. Life expectancy of adequately treated patients is increased substantially (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The presence of dysphagia is associated with shorter survival times. Motor impairment of the muscles in the throat impairs swallowing and poses a risk for aspiration pneumonia. Other complications of Parkinson’s disease include sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, bowel and bladder complications, and sensory problems, such as the loss of smell (Kofman). There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease. Treatment mainly relies on replacing dopamine with focus on controlling symptoms and improving quality of life (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Because Parkinson’s disease symptoms are due to a deficiency of the brain chemical dopamine, the brain drug treatment help increase dopamine levels in the brain. Levodopa, usually in combination with carbidopa, is the standard drug treatment (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). For patients who do not respond to levodopa, dopamine agonists may be prescribed. Physical therapy is an important part of Parkinson’s disease treatment. Rehabilitation can help improve balance, mobility, speech and functional abilities. No treatment method has been proven to change the course of the disease. For early disease, with little or no impairment, drug therapy may not be necessary (Kofman). There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but medications, physical therapy, and surgical interventions can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life (Connelly Fox, 2012). The goals of treatment are to relieve disabilities and balance the problems of the disease with the side effects of the medications. A number of issues must be considered in choosing a medication for treatment. These include the effectiveness of the medication, the side effects of the medication, and the loss of effectiveness over time (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Levodopa (L-dopa) has been used for years and is the gold standard for treatment. L-dopa increases brain levels of dopamine. It is probably the most effective drug for controlling symptoms and is used in all phases of the disease. The standard preparations, Sinemet and Atamet, combine levodopa with carbidopa, a drug that slows the breakdown of levodopa. Levodopa is better at improving motor problems than dopamine agonists but increases the risk of involuntary movements. Effectiveness tends to decrease after four to five years of use (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Dopamine agonists’ drugs mimic dopamine to stimulate the dopamine system in the brain. The drugs included are pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), bromocriptine (Parlodel), and rotigotine (Neupro) (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors may have some mild benefits in initial therapy; they include selegiline (Eldepryl) and rasagiline (Azilect), and they slow the breakdown of dopamine that occurs naturally in the brain and dopamine produced by levodopa (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Entacapone (comtan) is a catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor that helps to prolong the effects of levodopa by blocking an enzyme that breaks down dopamine (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Medications to treat other symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include antidepressants. Tricyclic’s, particularly Amitriptyline (Elavil), studies indicate that the use of SSRIs may worsen symptoms. Anti-psychotics include clozapine and quetiapine help with psychotic symptoms seen with Parkinson’s disease (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The cholinesterase inhibitor drugs donepezil (Aricept) and rivastigmine (Exelon) are used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and are sometimes used for Parkinson’s disease. The benefits are small and may not be noticed. Daytime sleepiness and fatigue may be treated with modafinil (Provigil) a drug used to treat narcolepsy or methylphenidate (Ritalin) may be considered for fatigue. Glycopyrrolate, scopolamine, and injections of botulinum toxin may be used to relieve drooling symptoms (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Advanced Parkinson’s disease poses challenges for the patient and caregivers. Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, freezing, and speech difficulties may no longer respond to drug therapy. Surgery (deep brain stimulation) may be considered. Patients become increasingly dependent on others for care and require assistance with daily tasks. The goal of treatment for advanced Parkinson’s disease should be on providing safety, comfort, and quality of life (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The toxic effects of Levodopa with carbidopa are considerable. Dyskinesia, the ability to control muscles, can take many forms, most often uncontrolled flailing of the arms and legs or chorea, rapid and repetitive motions that can affect the limbs, face, tongue, mouth, and neck (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Hypotension is a common problem during the first few weeks of therapy. Cardiac arrhythmias and gastrointestinal difficulties are common, with the potential of gastric bleeding. Levodopa can cause disturbances in breathing function, but may benefit patients with upper airway obstructions. Hair loss and mental and psychiatric side effects including confusion, extreme emotional states, especially anxiety, vivid dreams, visual and auditory hallucinations, sleepiness, and effects on learning are other side effects of levodopa (Connelly Fox, 2012). Levodopa causes fewer psychiatric side effects than other drugs including anticholinergics, selegiline, amantadine, and dopamine ago nists. Psychiatric side effects often occur at night, therefore, some doctors recommend reducing the evening dose (Connelly Fox, 2012). Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors block monoamine oxidase B, an enzyme that degrades dopamine. Selegiline was commonly used in early onset disease in combination with L-dopa for maintenance (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Concerns of the significant side effects have been raised. Azilect, a newer MAO-B Inhibitor, is used alone during early stage Parkinson’s disease and in combination with L-dopa for moderate to advanced Parkinson’s disease. Side effects of MAO-B inhibitors include orthostatic hypotension, hypertension if combined with drugs that increase serotonin levels, such as many antidepressants (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). A dangerous increase in blood pressure may occur if patients eat foods rich in the amino acid tyramine, while taking selegiline or rasagiline, and for two weeks after stopping the medications. Patients should avoid foods such as aged cheeses, processed lunch meats, pickled herring, yeast extracts, aged red wine, draft beers, sa uerkraut, and soy sauce (Connelly Fox, 2012). Dopamine agonists stimulate dopamine receptors in the substantia nigra. Dopamine agonists are effective in delaying motor complications during the first years of treatment (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Newer dopamine agonists, Mirapex (pramipexole) and Requip (ropinirol) are the most commonly prescribed. Mirapex appears to work better and have fewer side effects than requip. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, nasal congestion, nightmares, hallucinations, and psychosis. Bromocriptine is the only ergot dopamine agonist approved for treatment in the US (Connelly Fox, 2012). Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist used as a rescue drug in people having on-off effects severe enough to require going off L-dopa for a few days. Because it causes severe nausea and vomiting, it must be taken with an anti-emetic. Rotigotine (Neupro) is a once daily transdermal patch to treat early and advanced stage Parkinson’s disease (Connelly Fox, 2012). Catechol-O- Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (COMT Inhibitors) increase concentrations of existing dopamine in the brain. Entacapone (Comtan, Stalevo) is the current standard COMT inhibitor. It improves motor fluctuations related to weaning off effects. The side effects include involuntary muscle movement, confusion, hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, headache, urinary retention, cramps, diarrhea, less common constipation, susceptibility to respiratory infection, sweating and dry mouth (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). A major concern is reports of death from liver damage in patients taking tolcapone (Tasmar) and is recommended only for patients unable to tolerate other drugs. Entacapone does not appear to have the same effects on the liver and does not require the same monitoring (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Anticholinergic drugs were the first used in the treatment for Parkinson’s disease. They are used only for control of tremors in early stages (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Side effects are dry mouth, nausea, urinary retention, blurred vision, and constipation. They can increase heart rate and constipation. They may cause mental problems including memory loss, confusion, and hallucinations (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Amantadine stimulates the release of dopamine and may be used with early mild symptoms. Side effects include swollen ankles, and mottled skin, visual hallucinations. Overdose can cause serious and life-threatening toxicity (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Connelly, B., Fox, S. (2012, December). Drug treatments for the neuropsychiatric complications of Parkinsons disease. Retrieved from Medscape.com: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticles/777166 Katzung, B., Mastes, S., Trevor, A. (2012). Basic clinical pharmacology (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Kofman, O. (n.d.). Complications of therapy in Parkinsons disease. CKP-MFC, 12, 87-91. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2153537